Assessing Student Burnout, Treatment Acquisition, and Barriers to Care to Prompt Changes in a Student Mental Healthcare Program.

OBJECTIVE: Medical students demonstrate disproportionately higher levels of burnout and depression than their non-medical age-matched peers. Few studies have been conducted about rates of treatment acquisition and the barriers to care among students with mental health concerns. This study further characterizes rates of burnout, obstacles to treatment, and program preference for medical students at The University of Michigan. METHODS: In June 2020, a 31-question survey eliciting information regarding student burnout, well-being, barriers to care, and improvements to overcome such barriers was sent to 588 current and recently graduated medical students at The University of Michigan. Participation was anonymous and voluntary, with optional response to each question. RESULTS: Ultimately, 312 (53%) students responded. Pre-clinical and core clinical students were significantly more burned out than clinical elective students, with pre-clinical students' odds ratio (OR) of 2.45 and core clinical students' OR of 2.48. Most participants (81%) reported concerns regarding their emotional well-being. Two-thirds (66%) indicated a new or previously diagnosed mental health concern, with 37% of these students never having sought treatment. Commonly reported barriers to care and suggested improvement to mental health services are outlined. Commonly reported barriers to care were financial concerns, time constraints, and stigma-related fear of career-ending consequences. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed stratification of the high levels of burnout among medical students. Student-driven feedback and survey results can help prompt medical schools to develop more robust mental healthcare models and drive much-needed structural changes.

Addressing learner anxiety via reflective practice.

BACKGROUND: Medical students experience anxiety when learning the pelvic, breast and male genitourinary exam (also known as sensitive physical exams). Reflection can help students process emotionally challenging learning experiences and help give those experiences meaning. We describe the development of a reflection module to enhance reflection during sensitive exam instruction. APPROACH: We developed this module following Kern's Six Step Method for curriculum development, including a targeted needs assessment. Informed by educational reflection theory, the module addressed all elements of reflection. The module was optional, asynchronous and administered online, requiring minimal administrative support. Prior to sensitive exam instruction, participants identified goals and values and named emotions. Following exam instruction, participants again named their emotions and then self-evaluated whether they had met their goals and upheld their values. EVALUATION: Participants found the module to be a useful modality to reflect. Most notably, they identified the naming of emotions, goals and values clarification and the opportunity to reflect both prior to and after an educational experience as helpful. Younger students found the module particularly helpful. IMPLICATIONS: An online, low-resource, asynchronous reflection module is feasible and can be a way for students to reflect on challenging learning experiences. In addition to using with sensitive exam instruction, the module can be applied to activities such as anatomic dissection, ethics workshops or clinical learning.

A Review of Prenatal Care Delivery to Inform the Michigan Plan for Appropriate Tailored Healthcare in Pregnancy Panel.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review of key aspects of prenatal care delivery to inform new guidelines. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive review of Ovid MEDLINE, Elsevier's Scopus, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We included studies addressing components of prenatal care delivery (visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine) that assessed maternal and neonatal health outcomes, patient experience, or care utilization in pregnant individuals with and without medical conditions. Quality was assessed using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology approach. Articles were independently reviewed by at least two members of the study team for inclusion and data abstraction. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of the 4,105 published abstracts identified, 53 studies met inclusion criteria, totaling 140,150 participants. There were no differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes among patients without medical conditions with reduced visit frequency schedules. For patients at risk of preterm birth, increased visit frequency with enhanced prenatal services was inconsistently associated with improved outcomes. Home monitoring of blood pressure and weight was feasible, but home monitoring of fetal heart tones and fundal height were not assessed. More frequent weight measurement did not lower rates of excessive weight gain. Home monitoring of blood pressure for individuals with medical conditions was feasible, accurate, and associated with lower clinic utilization. There were no differences in health outcomes for patients without medical conditions who received telemedicine visits for routine prenatal care, and patients had decreased care utilization. Telemedicine was a successful strategy for consultations among individuals with medical conditions; resulted in improved outcomes for patients with depression, diabetes, and hypertension; and had inconsistent results for patients with obesity and those at risk of preterm birth. CONCLUSION: Existing evidence for many components of prenatal care delivery, including visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine, is limited.

A Qualitative Assessment to Understand the Barriers and Enablers Affecting Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Male Emergency Department Patients.

Early fatherhood is common in the United States (U.S.). The emergency department (ED) plays a disproportionate role in serving patients with unmet reproductive and sexual health needs. With 8 million adolescent males visiting U.S. EDs annually, the ED is a potential site to implement interventions to minimize early fatherhood and unintended teenage pregnancy. Little is known about how adolescent male ED patients perceive and behave in sexual relationships and how they influence contraceptive decision making. The objective of this study was to identify the barriers and enablers affecting contraceptive and condom use among adolescent male ED patients. Semistructured interviews were conducted with males aged 14-19 in one urban ED. Enrollment continued until saturation of key themes. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded based on thematic analysis using NVivo 10. The Social Ecological Model was used to organize and understand themes. Participants ( n = 24) were predominantly 18-19 years (63%) and Hispanic (92%). Most (71%) had sex ≤3 months prior but infrequently used a condom at last intercourse (42%). The primary barrier influencing contraceptive use was lack of knowledge of effective contraceptives. Other barriers consisted of perceived gender roles, poor partner communication, and little relationship with a primary provider. Enablers included intention not to get a partner pregnant, school-based sexual health education, normalcy to use condoms, and a trustworthy confidante. The identified barriers and enablers influencing adolescent males' perspectives toward contraceptives should be addressed if designing future ED-based pregnancy prevention interventions targeting teen males.

Multiplanar strain quantification for assessment of right ventricular dysfunction and non-ischemic fibrosis among patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic mitral regurgitation (iMR) predisposes to right ventricular (RV) pressure and volume overload, providing a nidus for RV dysfunction (RVDYS) and non-ischemic fibrosis (NIF). Echocardiography (echo) is widely used to assess iMR, but performance of different indices as markers of RVDYS and NIF is unknown. METHODS: iMR patients prospectively underwent echo and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) within 72 hours. Echo quantified iMR, assessed conventional RV indices (TAPSE, RV-S', fractional area change [FAC]), and strain via speckle tracking in apical 4-chamber (global longitudinal strain [RV-GLS]) and parasternal long axis orientation (transverse strain). CMR volumetrically quantified RVEF, and assessed ischemic pattern myocardial infarction (MI) and septal NIF. RESULTS: 73 iMR patients were studied; 36% had RVDYS (EF<50%) on CMR among whom LVEF was lower, PA systolic pressure higher, and MI size larger (all p<0.05). CMR RVEF was paralleled by echo results; correlations were highest for RV-GLS (r = 0.73) and lowest for RV-S' (r = 0.43; all p<0.001). RVDYS patients more often had CMR-evidenced NIF (54% vs. 7%; p<0.001). Whereas all RV indices were lower among NIF-affected patients (all p≤0.006), percent change was largest for transverse strain (48.3%). CMR RVEF was independently associated with RV-GLS (partial r = 0.57, p<0.001) and transverse strain (r = 0.38, p = 0.002) (R = 0.78, p<0.001). Overall diagnostic performance of RV-GLS and transverse strain were similar (AUC = 0.93[0.87-0.99]|0.91[0.84-0.99], both p<0.001), and yielded near equivalent sensitivity and specificity (85%|83% and 80%|79% respectively). CONCLUSION: Compared to conventional echo indices, RV strain parameters yield stronger correlation with CMR-defined RVEF and potentially constitute better markers of CMR-evidenced NIF in iMR.

Echocardiography-quantified myocardial strain-a marker of global and regional infarct size that stratifies likelihood of left ventricular thrombus.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial strain provides a novel means of quantifying subtle alterations in contractile function; incremental utility post-MI is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To test longitudinal-quantified by postprocessing routine echo-for assessment of MI size measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and conventional methods, and assess regional and global strain (GLS) as markers of LV thrombus. METHODS: The population comprised of patients with anterior ST-segment MI who underwent echo and CMR prospectively. Preexisting echoes were retrieved, re-analyzed for strain, and compared to conventional MI markers as well as CMR-evidenced MI, function, and thrombus. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients underwent echo and CMR 4 ± 1 weeks post-MI; 72% had abnormal GLS. CMR-quantified MI size was 2.5-fold larger and EF lower among patients with abnormal GLS, paralleling 2.6-3.1 fold differences in Q-wave size and CPK (all P ≤ .002). GLS correlated with CMR-quantified MI (r = .66), CPK (r = .52) and Q-wave area (r = .44; all P ≤ .001): Regional strain was lower in the base, mid, and apical LV among patients with CMR-defined transmural MI in each territory (P < .05) and correlated with cine-CMR regional EF (r = .53-.71; P < .001) and echo wall motion (r = .45-.71; P < .001). GLS and apical strain were ~2-fold lower among patients with LV thrombus (P ≤ .002): Apical strain yielded higher diagnostic performance for thrombus (AUC: 0.83 [0.72-0.93], P = .001) than wall motion (0.73 [0.58-0.88], P = .02), as did global strain (0.78 [0.65-0.90], P = .005) compared to LVEF (0.58 [0.45-0.72], P = .41). CONCLUSIONS: Echo-quantified longitudinal strain provides a marker of MI size and improves stratification for post-MI LV thrombus beyond conventional indices.

Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance for evaluation of mitral regurgitation prior to mitral valve surgery.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common cause of morbidity worldwide and an accepted indication for interventional therapies which aim to reduce or resolve adverse clinical outcomes associated with MR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides highly accurate means of assessing MR, including a variety of approaches that can measure MR based on quantitative flow. Additionally, CMR is widely accepted as a reference standard for cardiac chamber quantification, enabling reliable detection of subtle changes in cardiac chamber size and function so as to guide decision-making regarding timing of mitral valve directed therapies. Beyond geometric imaging, CMR enables tissue characterization of ischemia and infarction in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium as well as within the mitral valve apparatus, thus enabling identification of structural substrates for MR. This review provides an overview of established and emerging CMR approaches to measure valvular regurgitation, including relative utility of different approaches for patients with primary or secondary MR. Clinical outcomes studies are discussed with focus on data demonstrating advantages of CMR for guiding diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with known or suspected MR. Comparative data is reviewed with focus on diagnostic performance of CMR in comparison to conventional assessment via echocardiography (echo). Emerging literature is reviewed concerning potential new approaches that utilize CMR tissue characterization to guide clinical decision-making in order to improve therapeutic outcomes and clinical prognosis for patients with MR.